Beyond acid inhibition: new therapies and innovative approaches
Introduction For decades, the pharmacological management of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has focused almost exclusively on the inhibition of gastric acid secretion. From the first antacids and H2 receptor antagonists to the consolidation of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as the therapy of choice, the therapeutic paradigm has been dominated by the control of hydrochloric acid. […]
Hygienic-dietary measures for the control and prevention of acid-peptic disease
Introduction Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a condition characterized by lesions in the gastric and duodenal mucosa, caused by an imbalance between acid secretion, pepsin, and the defense mechanisms of the mucosa. Its etiology is multifactorial, but there are some determining factors, such as Helicobacter pylori infection, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physiological […]
Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: the new mapping of a silent disease
Few transformations in modern hepatology have had such a profound impact as the redefinition of the spectrum of liver diseases caused by fat deposition. Under the new nomenclature of steatotic liver disease (SLD) and its central metabolic category, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the scientific community has recognized not only the need for greater […]
Importance of the new steatotic liver disease nomenclature
Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis together with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor1 (Fig. 1). Figure 1. MASLD is the presence of hepatic steatosis together with at least one of the five cardiometabolic risk factors: elevated weight, elevated glucose, triglyceridemia, low high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and […]
Epidemiology of metabolic hepatic steatosis
Introduction In the first half of the last century, the first case reports appeared of patients with fatty liver who also had metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, or dyslipidemia, but did not consume large quantities of alcohol1. Since then, this condition has received different names; in 1980, Ludwig et al.2 […]
Pathophysiology of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has consolidated as the main cause of chronic liver disease globally, with an estimated prevalence of around 30-40% of the adult population and an increasing trend in recent decades1. In 2023, an international multidisciplinary consensus proposed a nomenclature change from NAFLD/NASH (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) to MASLD/MASH […]
Endocrine aspects beyond insulin resistance in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Introduction Over time, since hepatic damage caused by overweight and obesity has been recognized, the rapid development of knowledge for possible therapeutics has acknowledged that insulin resistance is the most compelling factor for the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, it is not the only one, as we will explain […]
Metabolic comorbidity in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Introduction Hepatic steatosis represents excessive fat accumulation in the liver, whose etiology includes metabolic disease, alcohol-related, drug-induced, and cryptogenic causes1. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common cause of liver disease. MASLD is a disease that is increasing worldwide; currently, approximately 38% of adult […]
Cardiovascular risk in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) currently constitutes the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Its global prevalence is estimated between 25% and 30% of the adult population, with figures exceeding 40% in regions with a high incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus1. The recent nomenclature change, from NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty […]
Initial evaluation of the patient with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
Introduction Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged in recent years as a significant global health problem. This new terminology replaces “non-alcoholic fatty liver disease” (NAFLD), incorporating diagnostic criteria based on metabolic dysfunction and providing a more precise framework for patient identification and stratification1. MASLD is defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis (detected […]