Pharmacological treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic pathology characterized by the return of gastric contents toward the esophagus, which produces bothersome symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, affects quality of life, and may lead to complications1–3. Pharmacological treatment is the basis of its management, especially in moderate to severe forms of the disease3,4. Therapeutic […]
Endoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) originates from the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus and is defined as a broad spectrum of symptoms and complications that interfere with the patient’s quality of life1. It is one of the main reasons for consultation for both primary care physicians and gastroenterologists, with a prevalence of […]
Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) continues to be one of the most common chronic diseases treated by gastroenterologists, surgeons, and primary care physicians. However, significant advances have emerged in medical, surgical, and endoscopic therapies1. Although medical treatment (fundamentally lifestyle and dietary changes, proton pump inhibitors [PPIs], or potassium-competitive acid blockers) is usually effective in most […]
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in special groups
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy It is well known that pregnancy, by itself, is a condition that predisposes women to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Hormonal changes decrease lower esophageal sphincter pressure and affect gastric and intestinal motility, and there is also an increase in intra-abdominal pressure due to uterine growth and weight gain with the […]
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and comorbidity
Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a highly prevalent problem. In the following pages, the role of obesity and bariatric procedures in the generation of GER will be analyzed. Evidence of the association between respiratory symptoms and reflux, and its impact on diagnostic approach and treatment, will also be reviewed. Finally, some relevant aspects of the […]
New trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease treatment
Introduction Gastrointestinal disorders continue to evolve in terms of their pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic options, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is no exception. GERD is a chronic disease characterized by retrograde reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, typically manifesting with heartburn and regurgitation, but which can also present atypical symptoms such as […]
Functional dyspepsia: an evolving multidimensional enigma
The second issue of Clínicas de Gastroenterología de México is entirely dedicated to a disorder as prevalent as it is complex: functional dyspepsia (FD). This issue offers a comprehensive review of its multiple dimensions, from pathophysiology to therapeutic management, consolidating an integrative and contemporary vision that redefines our understanding of this syndrome. It begins with […]
Functional dyspepsia, definition and epidemiology
Definition and diagnostic criteria In May 2016, the Rome Foundation (an international group of experts) published a supplement in the journal Gastroenterology dedicated to functional gastrointestinal disorders, which from that moment were redefined as disorders of gut-brain interaction. That supplement presented the latest update of the Rome criteria: the Rome IV criteria, which included eight […]
Pathophysiology of dyspepsia: an integrative view
Introduction: pathophysiological differences between functional dyspepsia subtypes The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia (FD) is considered multifactorial, resulting in a heterogeneous disorder in which different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are associated with different symptom profiles. The pathophysiology of FD (Fig. 1) includes gastric abnormalities, such as delayed gastric emptying, impaired fundic accommodation, hypersensitivity to gastric distension, and […]
Functional dyspepsia: a practical approach to diagnosis
Introduction The term “dyspepsia” derives from the Greek words δυς- (dys-) and πέψη (pepse), which translate as “difficult digestion”1. When referring to dyspepsia, it generally denotes pain of gastroduodenal origin that has certain characteristics, which are detailed throughout the chapter. The prevalence of dyspepsia varies according to country and the criteria used for its diagnosis; […]