Dietary management and lifestyle changes in functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder whose symptoms can improve through dietary interventions and lifestyle changes. Up to 88% of FD patients follow specific diets, with the low-FODMAP diet being the most common. This diet has shown benefits, especially in patients with abdominal bloating and postprandial discomfort, although its effects are not always superior to traditional dietary advice. Additionally, FODMAP consumption has been associated with a higher risk of chronic dyspepsia, particularly in women. A gluten-free diet may be helpful in cases of non-celiac gluten sensitivity, especially in patients with FD who do not respond to pharmacological treatment. However, such restrictive diets must be monitored due to the risk of nutritional deficiencies and psychological effects. Certain foods such as fats, caffeine, alcohol, and capsaicin have been linked to dyspeptic symptoms. Although evidence is mixed, moderation in their intake is generally recommended. Meal patterns also play a role: preparation, portion size, and speed of ingestion may influence symptoms more than meal frequency itself. Finally, moderate physical activity may be associated with a lower prevalence of FD, though the findings are still inconclusive. In conclusion, dietary and lifestyle modifications are important and safe strategies for managing FD. These approaches should be evidence-based, personalized, and guided by healthcare professionals.